https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6556027d046ed400148b99fe/electricity-generation-costs-2023.pdf.
https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022.
https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2023/10/orsted-ceases-development-of-ocean-wind-1-and-ocean-wind-2.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06784-0.
https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/wind-turbines-bigger-better.
https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/the-economic-case-for-the-energy-transition/. One of the authors of this paper serves as a manager of the Pictet Clean Energy Transition Fund in Geneva. I am on the advisory board of this fund.
https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023/.
https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/062623-fossil-fuels-stubbornly-dominating-global-energy-despite-surge-in-renewables-energy-institute.
https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-roadmap-a-global-pathway-to-keep-the-15-0c-goal-in-reach/executive-summary.
https://www.noemamag.com/how-positive-climate-tipping-points-could-save-our-planet/.
https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/large-scale-electricity-storage/Large-scale-electricity-storage-report.pdf.
Professor Llewellyn Smith uses an estimate of $450 for each kilowatt of electrolyser capacity. I think this may be too high and I propose a cost of £250 per kilowatt.
https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/german-cabinet-approves-updated-national-hydrogen-strategy-2023-07-26/.
https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/evs-make-up-17-global-new-car-market-september/.
https://insideevs.com/news/544743/global-plugin-car-sales-september2021/.
https://insideevs.com/news/379582/global-ev-sales-september-2019/.
https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/executive-summary.
https://cleantechnica.com/2023/08/02/38-plugin-vehicle-market-share-in-china-china-ev-sales-report/.
https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/chinas-ev-makers-face-cost-consumer-challenges-conquer-europe-2023-08-18/.
https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-en/news-stories/press-releases/2023/feb/volvo-leads-the-booming-market-for-electric-trucks.html.
https://electrek.co/2023/11/10/renault-hopes-to-chase-down-tesla-with-ev-unit-ampere/.
https://statzon.com/insights/ev-charging-points-europe.
https://www.ft.com/content/9aa0fcc0-31fb-44be-b5a0-57ceb7fb7a52.
https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/the-truth-about-londons-ultra-low-emission-zone/.
https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2019/heat.
https://www.virta.global/en/global-electric-vehicle-market.
https://www.ehpa.org/market-report-2023/.
https://www.ehpa.org/market-report-2023/.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.114914.
https://www.iea.org/news/the-energy-world-is-set-to-change-significantly-by-2030-based-on-today-s-policy-settings-alone.
I estimate these figures from recent published data in the UK. The numbers in the US - for example here https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79236.pdf - are lower.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/underground-hydrogen-storage-1-kwh-grid-scale-energy-satyajit-phadke/.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-14/china-s-massive-hydro-energy-storage-goals-may-be-getting-bigger.
https://www.hydropower.org/blog/the-uk-has-the-opportunity-to-lead-the-way-on-building-clean-energy-storage.
https://www.hydropower.org/blog/the-uk-has-the-opportunity-to-lead-the-way-on-building-clean-energy-storage.
https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/storage/can-compressed-air-energy-storage-solve-the-long-duration-dilemma/.
https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/kraftwerk-huntorf-compressed-air-energy-storage-system-germany/.
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Nov/IRENA_Innovation_Outlook_TES_2020.pdf.
https://www.pv-magazine.com/pv-magazine-events/increase-the-durability-of-solar-structures-with-the-latest-generation-of-steels/.
https://web.archive.org/web/20230328085918/https://dutch-ates.com/.
https://delta.tudelft.nl/en/article/can-underground-heat-storage-replace-gas-netherlands.
https://www.gaffneycline.com/sites/g/files/cozyhq681/files/2022-07/gaffneycline_underground_hydrogen_storage_article.pdf.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105109.
https://energien-speichern.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/20220610_DBI-Studie_H2-speichern-soviel-ist-sicher.pdf.
https://greenmountainpower.com/news/groundbreaking-savings-for-customers-during-intense-heat/.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/methane-leaks-erase-some-of-the-climate-benefits-of-natural-gas/.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/06/12/climate/us-electric-grid-energy-transition.html.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-08/india-unveils-30-billion-plan-to-upgrade-grid-for-clean-power.
https://carbontracker.org/reports/gone-with-the-wind/.
https://www.nationalgrid.com/document/149496/download.
https://www.smart-energy.com/finance-investment/network-planning-needs-to-be-ahead-of-the-curve-iea/.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.02.002.
https://www.ft.com/content/44230108-d980-446a-b5ca-81b175f8b47d.
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=55379.
https://emili.imerys.com/en/lithium-extraction-project-schedule-beauvoir. Please note that Imerys quote the weight of its lithium output in terms of lithium hydroxide. Lithium metal represents about 29 percent of the weight of this compound.
https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-difference-between-assessed-oil-and-gas-resources-and-reserves.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-lithium.pdf.
Auke Hoekstra, ‘On material availability for electric vehicle batteries’, pre-publication document downloaded online on 1 February 2023.
https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/09/06/1079123/zinc-batteries-boost-eos/.
S. Wang et al., ‘Future demand for electricity generation materials under different climate mitigation scenarios’, Joule, 7.2, 15 February 2023: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.01.001.
https://www.australianmining.com.au/500-million-expansion-for-lynas-mt-weld-operations/.
https://www.metaltechnews.com/story/2023/02/08/tech-metals/kingly-rare-earth-grades-at-sheep-creek/1222.html.
https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/china-jushi-to-invest-usd812-million-in-world-first-zero-carbon-glass-fiber-plant.
‘Crushing It 2’, by Ken Shin and Chris Goodall, CLSA 2022.
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/electrolysers.
https://www.redwoodmaterials.com/news/redwood-department-of-energy-loan/.
https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/can-wind-turbine-blades-be-recycled.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36183-4.
https://www.energy-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Unlocking-the-First-Wave-of-Breakthrough-Steel-Investments-International-Opportunities-April-2023.pdf.
https://www.bostonmetal.com/green-steel-solution/.
https://www.h2greensteel.com/articles/green-steel-production.
https://www.hybritdevelopment.se/en/hybrit-new-research-shows-hydrogen-reduced-iron-has-superior-properties/.
https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/press-releases/arcelormittal-inaugurates-flagship-carbon-capture-and-utilisation-project-at-its-steel-plant-in-ghent-belgium.
https://media.kallanish.com/filer_public/cb/43/cb43922b-24d5-47b0-ad24-ad08eec3bdf1/h4s_kpm_webinar_dec_22_final_all.pdf.
ECIU, ‘Europe Steels the Deal’, March 2023: https://eciu.net/analysis/reports/2023/europe-steels-the-deal.
https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/chinas-3-pathways-to-green-steel/.
https://web.archive.org/web/20230401064724/http://www.anshan.gov.cn/html/ASSZF/202209/0166441361788893.html.
https://www.energy-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Unlocking-the-First-Wave-of-Breakthrough-Steel-Investments-International-Opportunities-April-2023.pdf.
https://newsroom.posco.com/en/posco-promotes-the-preemptive-acquisition-of-low-carbon-steel-raw-materials-in-australia/.
https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/bhp-launches-eco-friendly-electric-hydrogen-smelting-furnace-with-pilbara-iron-ore-a-green-revolution-in-metal-processing/.
https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/corporate-library/reporting-hub?type=Annual.
https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/coal.
The figures in this paragraph come from Marco Alverà’s 2021 book The Hydrogen Revolution.
https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/germany-denmark-want-hydrogen-pipeline-by-2028/.
https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AKER-SOLUTIONS-ASA-18088137/news/Aker-pens-green-steel-deal-43367445/.
https://www.bostonmetal.com/news/zero-co2-steel-by-molten-oxide-electrolysis-a-path-to-100-global-steel-decarbonization/.
Bill Gates, How to Avoid a Climate Disaster (2021). My quotation is from p. 107 of the UK paperback edition.
Mark Z. Jacobson, No Miracles Needed (2023). The two pages I am referring to are pp. 119-21 in my copy.
https://www.cemex-policy.eu/home-item/climate-energy/.
https://www.origencarbon.com/, visited on 23 February 2023.
Extracted from the factsheet available at https://www.heidelbergmaterials.com/en/carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs (downloaded 3 March 2023).
https://www.cemex.co.uk/-/vertua-low-carbon-to-account-for-majority-of-cement-and-concrete-sales-by-2025.
https://www.gasworld.com/story/landmark-deal-will-transform-co2-captured-from-cement-into-green-fuels/.
https://www.cemex.com/w/cemex-sandia-labs-and-synhelion-to-scale-solar-energy-technology-to-produce-cement.
https://www.gatesnotes.com/Introducing-the-Green-Premiums.
https://www.globalcement.com/news/itemlist/tag/LC3.
https://www.cemex.com/w/cemex-and-coolbrook-electrify-cement-production-process.
https://www.holcim.com/sites/holcim/files/documents/low-carbon_construction_france_fastcarb_recarbonating_recycled_aggregates.pdf.
https://www.holcim.com/sites/holcim/files/2022-04/08042022-holcim-climate-report-2022.pdf.
https://glassallianceeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/gae-position-paper-on-decarbonisation-june-2019_file.pdf.
https://glassallianceeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/gae-position-paper-on-decarbonisation-june-2019_file.pdf.
https://www.meiningers-international.com/wine/news/torres-tests-reusable-packaging.
https://www.vitisphere.com/news-98328-familia-torres-campaigns-for-a-european-returnable-bottle-scheme-in-less-than-3-years-time.html.
https://www.alko.fi/en/responsibly/sustainability-of-products/beverage-packing-material-has-a-significant-climate-impact.
https://www.fertiberia.com/en/amoniacoverde/h2f-project/.
https://www.cfindustries.com/newsroom/2023/cf-nextera-mou-green-hydrogen.
https://www.yara.com/yara-clean-ammonia/.
https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-what-does-the-worlds-reliance-on-fertilisers-mean-for-climate-change/.
https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/industrial/green-hydrogen-based-fertiliser-cost-competitive-with-grey-says-developer-with-1bn-us-plant-on-track-for-fid/2-1-1494144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102345.
https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/ci/products/net-zero-carbon-ethylene-production.html.
https://coolbrook.com/electrification-solutions/rdr-electric-cracking/.
https://www.linde-engineering.com/en/about-linde-engineering/success-stories/it-is-electrifying.html.
https://www.ten.com/en/media/news/technip-energies-lyondellbasell-and-chevron-phillips-chemical-sign-mou-electric-cracking.
https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/news/dow-and-shells-e-cracker-technology-now-operational/.
https://discardstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/stoffer-plastics-packacing-today-and-tomorrow-1963.pdf.
https://www.americanchemistry.com/chemistry-in-america/news-trends/press-release/2023/report-more-plastics-used-in-automobiles-improving-fuel-efficiency-safety-and-performance.
https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0403367EN/bmw-group-sustainability-through-innovation-2022.
https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/.
https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/plastics.
https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastics/increased-plastic-leakage-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions.htm.
https://www.neste.com/news-and-insights/plastics/mechanical-vs-chemical-recycling.
https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastics/increased-plastic-leakage-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions.htm.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150392.
https://southgateglobal.com/perspectives/paper-or-plastic/.
https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/.
https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-02/Attitudes-towards-single-use-plastics-Feb-2022.pdf.
https://assets.ing.com/m/5d2942da1fbe6ec9/original/ING_EBZ_plastic-packaging-in-the-food-sector.pdf.
https://www.recovery-worldwide.com/en/artikel/glass-recycling-current-market-trends-3248774.html.
https://www.cocacolaep.com/media/news/2022/were-saving-6800-tonnes-of-plastic-per-year-by-introducing-new-lighter-weight-necks-for-carbonated-soft-drinks-bottles/.
https://www.totalenergies-corbion.com/news/low-carbon-footprint-of-pla-confirmed-by-peer-reviewed-life-cycle-assessment/.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00976.
https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/plastics-need-a-complete-redesign-to-make-them-easier-to-recycle-researchers-argue/4016931.article.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00976.
https://plasticseurope.org/sustainability/circularity/recycling/recycling-technologies/.
https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/infographics-circular-economy-for-plastics/.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119114.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/23/recycling-can-release-huge-quantities-of-microplastics-study-finds.
https://info.eastman.com/rs/820-JEE-456/images/PRT%20Methanolysis%20LCA%20One%20Page%20Overview.pdf.
https://resource-recycling.com/plastics/2023/08/01/eastman-provides-updates-on-massive-pet-recycling-plant/.
https://resource-recycling.com/plastics/2023/08/01/eastman-provides-updates-on-massive-pet-recycling-plant/.
https://muratechnology.com/technology/.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02792-3.
https://www.carbios.com/en/carbios-and-indorama-ventures-reaffirm-partnership/.
https://edge.media-server.com/mmc/p/u2qw4cir, p. 34.
https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/11/a-recycled-idea-at-levis-adidas-to-stop-clothing-from-going-to-waste.html.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/263154/worldwide-production-volume-of-textile-fibers-since-1975/.
https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/a-new-textiles-economy.
https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/resale-is-all-rage-fashion-brands-not-making-dent-unsustainable-levels-waste-2023-08-09/.
https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/textiles-in-europes-circular-economy.
https://textileexchange.org/climate+-dashboard/.
https://www.panaprium.com/blogs/i/recycled-cotton-fabrics.
https://www.renewcell.com/en/section/our-technology/.
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/08/06/sustainability/a-japanese-startup-is-using-biotech-to-brew-greener-fashion/.
https://www.hkrita.com/en/our-innovation-tech/projects/green-machine-phase-2.
https://032c.com/magazine/a-bettter-garment-julie-pelipas-is-a-fashion-anti-villain.
https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/articles/designing-products-to-be-used-more-and-for-longer.
https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions-food.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01605-8.
https://cbey.yale.edu/our-stories/disrupting-meat.
https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-diets.
https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production#global-meat-production.
https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production#global-meat-production.
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/for-love-of-meat-five-trends-in-china-that-meat-executives-must-grasp.
https://www.fao.org/3/cb5332en/Meat.pdf.
https://chinadialogue.net/en/food/chinas-rice-farming-trials-cut-methane-emissions-and-increase-yields/.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44953.
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/479/publikationen/focus_on_the_future_meat_of_the_future.pdf.
https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/insects-food.
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/479/publikationen/focus_on_the_future_meat_of_the_future.pdf.
https://www.upsidefoods.com/blog/upside-is-approved-for-sale-in-the-us-heres-what-you-need-to-know.
https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/16/upside-foods-cell-cultured-meat-fda/.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02128-8.
https://impossiblefoods.com/.
https://assets.ctfassets.net/hhv516v5f7sj/4exF7Ex74UoYku640WSF3t/cc213b148ee80fa2d8062e430012ec56/Impossible_foods_comparative_LCA.pdf.
https://solarfoods.com/ice-cream-will-never-be-the-same-again-worlds-first-solein-gelato-now-available-to-consumers-in-singapore/.
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/06/29/carbon-solar-foods-pasi-vainikka-solein/.
https://www.just-food.com/news/unilever-invests-in-cow-free-dairy-to-reduce-carbon-footprint-of-ice-cream/.
https://www.nestle.com/media/news/nestle-explore-technology-animal-free-dairy-protein-based-product.
https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2438212-cma-cgm-in-3bn-methanol-lng-ship-deal.
https://shippingwatch.com/carriers/Tanker/article16443960.ece.
https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2022/03/10/maersk-engages-in-strategic-partnerships-to-scale-green-methanol-production.
https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2438212-cma-cgm-in-3bn-methanol-lng-ship-deal.
https://shippingwatch.com/carriers/Container/article15921647.ece.
https://orsted.com/en/media/news/2022/12/20221220609311.
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jan/IRENA_Innovation_Renewable_Methanol_2021.pdf.
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/news/1179164/maersk-backs-c-1-to-make-zero-carbon-shipping-a-reality-faster-and-cheaper.html.
https://www.man-es.com/discover/two-stroke-ammonia-engine.
https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/green-ammonia/green-ammonia-policy-briefing.pdf.
https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Ammonia-powered-bulk-carrier-GSP-pilot-report_2023.pdf.
https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/man-energy-solutions-an-ammonia-engine-for-the-maritime-sector/.
https://www.man-es.com/discover/two-stroke-ammonia-engine.
https://www.ship-technology.com/news/mitsui-ammonia-driven-gas-carrier/.
https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/worlds-first-liquid-hydrogen-powered-vessel-wins-ship-of-the-year-award/.
https://www.aqua-superpower.com/article/marina-vela-brings-electric-boating-to-barcelona-with-aqua-superpower.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Estimated-distribution-of-leisure-boat-fuel-consumption-in-terms-of-grid-cell-average-In_fig8_346051651.
https://www.stantec.com/en/ideas/topic/covid-19/electrifying-ferries-can-help-us-leverage-crucial-waterways-while-reducing-emissions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-ferry_Ellen.
https://incat.com.au/incat-poised-to-deliver-the-worlds-largest-zero-emissions-lightweight-ferry/.
https://www.switchmaritime.com/.
https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2022-07-airbus-to-take-up-the-hydrogen-contrail-characterisation-challenge.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00174-y.
https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/the-easy-fix-to-air-pollution-linked-to-planes/.
https://www.thedriven.io/2023/04/21/worlds-largest-battery-maker-announces-major-breakthrough-in-battery-density/.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020375.
https://zeroavia.com/complete-flight-test/.
https://www.h2fly.de/2023/06/19/h2fly-announces-the-development-of-a-new-generation-of-fuel-cell-system-for-commercial-aircraft/.
https://hydrogen.aero/press-releases/universal-hydrogen-successfully-completes-first-flight-of-hydrogen-regional-airliner/.
https://sustainability-approach.airbus.com/#page=4.
This source for SAF is usually called ‘HEFA’ or ‘hydrotreated esters and fatty acids’.
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/09/f78/beto-sust-aviation-fuel-sep-2020.pdf.
https://www.neste.com/news/neste-capital-markets-day-2023-global-growth-and-value-creation-continues-dividend-policy-updated.
https://www.ship-technology.com/news/sungas-green-methanol-factory-maersk-partnership/.
https://www.norsk-e-fuel.com/projects.
https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dacf14d2-eabc-498a-8263-9f97fd5dc327/GEVO2023.pdf.
https://www.man.eu/de/en/truck/electric-trucks/overview.html.
https://www.scania.com/group/en/home/electrification.html.
https://www.volvogroup.com/en/news-and-media/news/2023/feb/news-4474482.html.
https://cleantechnica.com/2023/06/19/scania-mercedes-benz-man-the-only-eu-truck-brands-on-track-to-decarbonise-new-study/.
https://www.scania.com/group/en/home/newsroom/news/2018/electrification-is-most-efficient-quickest-and-cost-effective.html.
https://electrek.co/2022/09/19/mercedes-benz-eactros-longhaul-electric-truck/.
The rate of charging will fall as the battery approaches being 100 percent full, meaning that chargers typically deliver less energy over the course of a charge than might be arithmetically expected.
https://www.fastnedcharging.com/hq/fastned-expands-into-denmark-and-wins-tender-to-build-3-new-fast-charging-stations-with-400-kw-chargers/.
https://news.evbox.com/en-WW/225892-evbox-launches-its-fastest-charging-station-ever-the-400kw-evbox-troniq-high-power.
https://www.man.eu/de/en/truck/electric-trucks/overview.html.
https://electrek.co/2023/05/12/sweden-permanent-electric-road/.
https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dacf14d2-eabc-498a-8263-9f97fd5dc327/GEVO2023.pdf, p. 39.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-state-road-transport-corporation-ac-e-buses-on-5-more-routes/articleshow/98845231.cms.
https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/registrations-zero-emission-city-buses-eu-q2-2023/.
https://firstmode.com/updates/case_studies/clean-energy/.
https://www.angloamerican.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-Group-v5/PLC/investors/annual-reporting/2022/climate-change-report-2022.pdf.
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-digger-set-to-drive-on-uk-roads.
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-from-transport.
https://www.ciltuk.org.uk/Portals/0/RailElectrification_Spreads.pdf.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-battery-powered-trains-europe-180982468/.
https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2023/2/alstoms-coradia-ilint-worlds-first-hydrogen-powered-passenger-train-will-demonstrate-green-traction-quebec.
https://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/articles/stadler-deliver-world-first-hydrogen-propulsion-narrow-gauge-trains-italy.
https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/hydrogen-track-replace-diesel-locomotives-2022-12-07/.
https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/transport/no-more-hydrogen-trains-rail-company-that-launched-worlds-first-h2-line-last-year-opts-for-all-electric-future/2-1-1495801.
https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/sustainability-blog/now-the-ipcc-has-recognized-that-carbon-removals-are-critical-to-addressing-climate-change-its-time-to-act.
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/direct-air-capture.
https://www.iea.org/commentaries/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/carbon-capture-power-prices-1.3641066.
https://akercarboncapture.com/.
https://www.iea.org/reports/direct-air-capture-2022/executive-summary.
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage/direct-air-capture#tracking.
https://climeworks.com/news/climeworks-mammoth-construction-update-mar23.
https://www.carboncapture.com/project-bison.
https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/solving-direct-air-carbon-capture-challenge.
https://www.heirloomcarbon.com/news/leilac-and-heirloom-sign-an-mou-to-partner-on-electric-kilns.
https://www.heirloomcarbon.com/news/announcing-heirloom.
https://carbonherald.com/new-direct-air-capture-startup-removr-secures-3-51m-government-grant/.
https://www.removr.com/.
https://capturacorp.com/.
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/07/12/2703501/0/en/Captura-and-Deep-Sky-partner-to-fight-climate-change-by-deploying-ocean-carbon-removal-in-Canada.html.
https://capturacorp.com/technology/.
Information comes from https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle with some figures updated and rounded.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9.
https://www.csuchico.edu/regenerativeagriculture/demos/gabe-brown.shtml.
https://www.csuchico.edu/regenerativeagriculture/demos/gabe-brown.shtml.
Rolf Sommer and Deborah Bossio, ‘Dynamics and climate change mitigation potential of soil organic carbon sequestration’, Journal of Environmental Management, 144, 1 November 2014, pp. 83-87: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.017.
Henry Dimbleby and Jemima Lewis, Ravenous (Profile Books, 2023).
https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-change-evidence-causes/question-7/.
https://www.inplanet.earth/.
https://github.com/frontierclimate/carbon-removal-source-materials/blob/main/Project%20Applications/2022%20Fall/%5BInplanet%5D%20Frontier%20Carbon%20Removal%20Purchase%20Application.pdf.
https://github.com/frontierclimate/carbon-removal-source-materials/blob/main/Project%20Applications/2022%20Fall/%5BInplanet%5D%20Frontier%20Carbon%20Removal%20Purchase%20Application.pdf.
https://www.biochar-industry.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/European-Biochar-Market-Report_20222023.pdf.
‘The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal’, Oxford University Smith School of Enterprise (2023): https://static1.squarespace.com/static/633458017a1ae214f3772c76/t/63c8876b8b92bf2549e83ed5/1674086272412/SoCDR-1st-edition.pdf.
https://www.ceh.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Peatland%20factsheet.pdf.
https://sefari.scot/research/the-cost-of-peatland-restoration-in-scotland.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2018.1434562.
https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/12/15/1065016/a-stealth-effort-to-bury-wood-for-carbon-removal-has-just-raised-millions.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0624-0.
These figures are from https://reasonstobecheerful.world/drone-tree-planting-reforesting-after-wildfires/.
This excludes deserts and glaciers and other unusable areas.
https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848. I have converted the figure of approximately 200 billion tonnes of carbon in this paper to 700 billion tonnes of CO2.
https://medium.abundanceinvestment.com/carbon-plantations-from-desk-to-field-e7b4a0f9f492.
https://flashforest.ca/tech.
https://www.mastreforest.com/.
https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/articles/2023-05-how-restoring-animal-populations-can-supercharge-carbon-absorption.
https://www.vesta.earth/.
https://stripe.com/blog/first-negative-emissions-purchases.
https://www.runningtide.com/carbon-removal.
https://www.dnv.com/news/commencing-carbon-capture-with-seaweed-228139.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.041.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/2b951a76-5fdf-5fc9-8162-5a7d6c841ff5/content.
https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en.
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2023/04/starting-tomorrow-families-receiving-climate-action-incentive-payments-to-get-even-more-support-this-year.html.
MIS290 https://distribution-a617274656661637473.pbo-dpb.ca/7590f619bb5d3b769ce09bdbc7c1ccce75ccd8b1bcfb506fc601a2409640bfdd.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01268-3. The quoted sentence refers both to Canada and to Switzerland, another country with a rebate system.
https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/oj4r98o5sn/Internal_ClimateTracker_230123.pdf.
https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/2lhmwvhd1z/Eurotrack_Apr22_climatechange_w.pdf.
https://www.ft.com/content/9777e52a-e290-4d87-ab7f-b5a073921222.
https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/2lhmwvhd1z/Eurotrack_Apr22_climatechange_w.pdf.
https://www.eib.org/attachments/publications/the_eib_climate_survey_2021_2022_en.pdf.
https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/11/24/gilets-jaunes-les-elites-parlent-de-fin-du-monde-quand-nous-on-parle-de-fin-du-mois_5387968_823448.html.
https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/public-support-majority-net-zero-policies-unless-there-is-a-personal-cost.
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-06-06-pollution-cars-and-vans-costs-%C2%A36billion-year-health-damages.
https://www.epa.gov/power-sector/human-health-environmental-impacts-electric-power-sector.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-health-risks-of-gas-stoves-explained/.
https://ca1-eci.edcdn.com/Gas-boilers-and-NOx-the-hidden-emitter.pdf.
https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/how-noise-pollution-may-harm-the-heart.
A litre delivers about 10 kilowatt hours of energy and the price is currently about £1.60 on petrol forecourts.
https://www.carboncommentary.com/blog/2023/10/16/ufo9bqf87wp5cvl60m4r28rf91uu2a.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/10/takeaway-food-and-drink-litter-dominates-ocean-plastic-study-shows.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/09/23/costo-moda-medio-ambiente.
https://earth.org/fast-fashions-detrimental-effect-on-the-environment/.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01846.
https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2023/10/22/adopting-eco-friendly-behavior-also-makes-people-happier_6194879_23.html.
https://www.ft.com/content/86d71297-3f34-48f3-8f3f-28b7e8be03c6.
https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2022/overview-and-key-findings.
https://www.energy-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ETC-Financing-the-Transition-ExecutiveSummary-compressed.pdf.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS.
https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IHLEG-Finance-for-Climate-Action-1.pdf.
https://www.focus-economics.com/blog/railway-mania-the-largest-speculative-bubble-you-never-heard-of/.
In economist’s language, ‘planned savings’ are greater than ‘planned investment’.
https://www.sustainablefinance.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ETRC-Report-2023_March.pdf.
https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech-lcoe.html.
https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/May/The-cost-of-financing-for-renewable-power.
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2023/html/ecb.sp230110~21c89bef1b.en.html.
https://www.sustainablefinance.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ETRC-Report-2023_March.pdf.
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-research/resbull/2022/html/ecb.rb220928~f2ce0ac394.en.html.
https://www.energy-uk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/EnergyUKReport-230216.pdf.
https://engie.com.au/home/about-engie/news/engie-posco-holdings-announcement.
https://www.gsam.com/content/gsam/uk/en/institutions/market-insights/gsam-insights/perspectives/2023/us-inflation-reduction-act-is-driving-clean-energy-investment-one-year-in.html.