Renault’s Zoom concept electric car. Image source: Auto Express.

Most major countries in Europe have decided to focus on one or two technologies to reduce carbon emissions. By making concentrated investments in one or two promising areas these countries are likely to achieve substantial cost reductions and rapid increases in deployment. By contrast, the UK is dabbling ineffectually in several areas and achieving little. Despite having large resources of renewable energy sources, the UK’s effort is diffuse, trivial in scope and clearly insufficient. We have almost the lowest percentage of our energy coming from low-carbon sources in the EU.

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Here is a brief list of just some of the main programmes in other European countries. In each case, the nation is likely to acquire a world-leading position in a technology which can be expanded to save tens of percent of national emissions, provide large numbers of jobs and stimulate a successful export industry. (More details of each of these can be found in Ten Technologies to Save the Planet, just published by Profile Books.)

Portugal – electric cars and wind power
Portugal has just announced a programme to install charging points for electric vehicles across the country. In a deal with Renault-Nissan, it will encourage the transition to battery vehicles by reducing taxation on electric cars and giving income tax breaks to the purchasers of Renault’s new cars. This is a world first.

Portugal’s subsidies for wave technology meant that the world’s first commercial wave farm was installed on the Atlantic Coast. It also has a large and growing percentage of its electricity from wind.

Germany – a major push into eco-renovation of all older buildings
Many people know about Germany’s feed-in tariffs for small-scale renewables. This has substantial disadvantages, but has kick-started the world’s solar PV industries. It has also made parts of Germany self-sufficient in electricity through the rapid growth of wind turbines.

Fewer people understand the vital importance of Germany’s active support of eco-renovation. Three hundred thousand housing units (flats and houses) will benefit this year from improved insulation and climate control. Soft loans and other subsidies are proving hugely popular and help cut the emissions from older buildings by up to 85%. This is a systematic, coordinated programme that will eventually upgrade all Germany’s older residential buildings to better insulation standards than are currently being demanded for new housing in the UK.

Spain – massive investment in wind and in new solar power technologies
On some nights in February 2008, 40% of Spain’s electricity came from wind. Active support for wind farms has meant that Spain was the fastest growing market for turbines in the world.

It is not just wind. Spain is also the world leader in using the power of the sun to create electricity. Installations such as the Seville solar tower and the Andasol concentrated solar power farm are outstanding innovations that enable Spanish companies to sell their technology to the US and to North Africa.

Denmark – low-carbon district heating and enzymes for making fuels from agricultural wastes
Denmark has built a world-leading industry through its sustained and intelligent support for wind turbine manufacturing. Two of the world’s biggest manufacturers, Vestas and Siemens, build their products there and India’s fast-growing Suzlon does its European marketing from there.

Less well known is that Denmark is also ahead in the use of large-scale shared heating plants powered by wood and other biomass. Increasingly these plants also produce carbon-neutral electricity. Denmark’s enzyme industry, which controls over half of world production, is also in a leadership position in the production of chemicals for making usable liquid fuels by cracking the complex molecules in wood and agricultural wastes.

Sweden – a real commitment to a low-carbon economy and a vital role in carbon capture
Sweden’s resources of wood and its access to the electricity from Norway’s huge hydro-electric power plants make it likely that it will be the first country to become a genuinely low-carbon economy. And state-owned energy company, Vattenfall, is leading the world in research into carbon capture at large coal-fired power stations. Its new installation at Schwarze Pumpe in eastern Germany is the only large-scale example of the implementation of this critical technology anywhere in the world.

Where is the UK in all of this? Despite having 40% of Europe’s wind power, its record in installing turbines is way behind many other countries with much lower average wind speeds. Many wind farms with planning permission cannot obtain connections from the National Grid. Small knots of inventors and entrepreneurs are scrabbling for the tiny amounts of available capital to develop the UK’s vast tidal power reserves. But, once again, it may prove impossible to connect tidal power farms to the Grid.

In Smith Electric Vehicles and Modec we have two of the world leaders in electric vans and small lorries but the government has given almost no support. It doesn’t even use its vast purchasing power effectively. Efforts to help electricity generators develop biomass sources for power have been halting and inconsistent. As a result, most biomass burned in power stations today is being imported from Asia. Plans for a single trial carbon capture plant are proceeding painfully slowly and the finance does not even appear as a line in government budget projections. Research into low-carbon liquid fuels is not supported with consistency or substantial amounts of cash.

To an extent simply not understood in this country, the world now has the technological capability to rid itself of the dependency on fossil fuels. UK government policy has been woefully slow and halting towards those industries which could give Britain a world lead in ten or twenty years’ time. As the national unemployment figures begin their long rise upward to three million and perhaps beyond, now is the time to start an active programme of support for the technologies in which the UK has the potential for the creation of real, important and durable jobs.

Ten Technologies to Save the Planet was listed as one of the Financial Times Science Books of the Year 2008.

The Pentland Firth. Image source: The Crown Estate.

The funnel of water between the north-east tip of Scotland and the Orkney Islands contains some of the most powerful tidal energy in the world. The exploitable resource at the time of the fastest running tides may be as much 8 gigawatts. One source I have talked to suggests the figure could even be as high as 20 gigawatts. As I write this note, the National Grid’s website gives an estimate of the electricity use at this moment – about 55 gigawatts at peak-time on a winter evening. Be in no doubt, the Pentland Firth is the single most important source of renewable energy in the UK. The power concentrated in this narrow stretch of water could comfortably provide London’s electricity need. And it is entirely predictable to within a few percent every minute of every day. The tidal power will peak twice every 24 hours in a cycle that the Grid will be able to plan for decades in advance.

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The Crown Estate is aware of the potential. As the UK body responsible for licensing the use of the seabed, it is an enthusiastic proponent of exploiting the energy contained in the Pentland Firth. Today (17 November 2008) it has opened a bidding round for developers interested in putting tidal turbines in the Firth. Licences are expected to be awarded by next summer. It has relatively modest ambitions to get 0.7 gigawatts of power installed by 2020.

We shouldn’t underestimate the difficulties involved in getting electricity from this fast-flowing water. The speed and turbulence of the tides are almost unparalleled at any inshore site in the world. Like wind, the power of a flow of water is proportional to the cube of the speed. Water moving at 10mph has eight times the power of water at 5mph.

The designs proposed by the brave or foolhardy companies seeking to exploit the power are usually a mixture of a simple turbine with minimal moving parts and a huge steel structure, full of hundreds of tonnes of ballast to hold the turbine in place. It is only the 30 years of experience of hydrocarbon extraction from the North Sea that gives the developers any chance of installing turbines that are robust enough to last more than a few days. Thus far, the major contenders for the licences have only experimented with their turbines in waters with a small fraction of the power of the Firth so we will probably see multiple failures before we get decent amounts of power from the tides.

The first operators will be able to use the reasonable quality grid connection to the Dounreay experimental fast breeder reactor site on the coast nearby. But major development will require a new power infrastructure. Last year the Crown Estate proposed a new high voltage direct current cable down the east coast of England, coming in to London and then on to Holland. This would have the huge advantage of providing the UK with better connections to the northern European grid, helpful for balancing power supply and customer needs.

In the next few days we expect the government to announce an expansion in public spending on hospitals and schools. Is it too late to suggest that it would be more productive to promise more active support for tidal power and a commitment to back the new cable off the east coast?



(The value of exploiting the energy in the Pentland Firth is one of the case studies in chapter 3 of my new book, Ten Technologies to Save the Planet, in which I discuss the major opportunities for extracting energy from waves, tides and currents around the world.)

Ten Technologies to Save the Planet was listed as one of the Financial Times Science Books of the Year 2008.

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Background
Jatropha is a medium-sized tropical shrub that will grow on a wide variety of soils including saline degraded land. Its berries contain about 40% oil which can be used as a potential substitute for both diesel and kerosene. Its proponents claim that because it will grow on poor tropical soil and can tolerate drought and some frost it will not drive food crops off productive land.

Opponents of jatropha point to production data from field trials which show that although the mature shrub will yield 2 tonnes per hectare on poor soils it will give up to 12.5 tonnes in better conditions and where water and fertiliser are applied. Their contention is that this yield difference will mean that large-scale farming of jatropha will inevitably gravitate to good land on which food would otherwise be grown.

How much land would be required to provide enough jatropha oil for the world’s aviation fleet, if it is grown on poor quality land?

So it is conceivably possible to grow enough jatropha to provide all the world’s needs for aviation fuel. It would require the berry to be grown on about 2.5% of all the globe’s land area. About 13% of the world’s area currently grows crops and if jatropha were grown on this land, it would use almost one fifth of total arable land. (Typical unirrigated yields would probably be substantially higher – perhaps 4 tonnes per hectare – so this calculation is somewhat unfair. The percentage of arable land used might be lower than 10%.)

Aviation fuel uses about 5% of the world’s oil so to replace the world’s entire demand for crude would require almost all the world’s non-desert land to be devoted to this single crop. This is not surprising – the energy we use from oil each day is about twenty times the energy we use from food. So if we grow oil instead of food, we would need twenty times as much land.